Historical Views on Abnormal Behavior
Stone age cave dwellers practiced the treatment of mental disorders some half a million years ago. During their time when an individual complained of headaches and convulsive attacks were treated by an operation that is now called " trephining". Crude stone instruments were used wherein a part of the skull was chipped away in a certain place in the form of a circle until the skull was cut through. they presumed that the opening,"trephine", would lead the evil spirits away and bring relief to the individual ( Arnot, finger, & smith; selling, 1943).
Demonology, Gods and Magic
Whether the "possession" was assumedd to involve good spirits or evil spirits usually depended on the affected individuals symptoms. most possessions were considered to be thework of an angry or an evil spirit, particularly when a person became overreactive and engaged in behaviour contrary to religious teachings. The primary type of treatment for demonic possessions was exorcism, which inculded various techniues for casting an evil spirit out of an affiliated person. these techniques varied but typically included magic, prayer, incantation, noisemaking, and the use of horrible-tasting concoctions made from sheep's dung and wine.
Hippocrates medical concepts
Hippocrates denied that deities and demons intervened in the illness of individuals.
He classified all medical disorders into three general categories:
1.Mania
2.Melancholia
3.Brain feverhe relied clearly on clinical observation.
Paradigms for explaining personality is the doctrine of the four humors associated with the name of Hippocrates. The four elements of the material world are earth, air, fire and water. The elements were combined to form essential fluids of the body blood, phlegm, bile and black bile. Hippocrates considered dreams to be important in understanding a patients personality. His emphasis on clinical observation was truly revolutionary.
Early Philosophical Conceptions
Plato viewed psychological phenomena as responses of the whole organism, reflecting its natural appetites.he emphasized the inportance of indivdual differences and took into account sociocultural influences in shaping, thinking and behavior. Aristotle, a student of plato, subscribed to the hippocratic theory of disturbances in the bile.
Later Greek and Roman Thought
One of the most influential Greek physicians was Galen, who practiced in Rome. He made a number of original contributions he concerning to the anatomy of the nervous system. Galen also took a scientific approach to the field, dividing the causes of psychological disorders into psychical and mental categories. The romans used pleasant treatments so that their patients would feel comfortable when they were being treated.
Abnormality During Middle Ages
The first mental hospital was estlabished in Baghdad in a.d.792. The oustanding figure in islamic medicine was Avicenna from Arabia called the " prince of physicians" (Campbell, 1926). During the middle ages, scientific inquiry into abnormal behavior was limited and treatment of psychologically disturbed individuals was characterized more often rituals.
Mass Madness
The widespread occurrence of group behavior disorders that were apparently cases of hysteria. Dancing manias were reported as early as the tenth century. Taratism is a disorder that included an uncontrollable impulse to dance that was attributed to the bite of the south European tarantula. this dancing mania later spread to Germany and the rest of Europe, where it was know as Saint Vitu's Dance.
The isolated rural areas were affected with lycanthropy, a condition were they assumed to be possessed and imitated and acted as wolves.the peculiar causes of mass madness was related to depression, fear, and wild mysticism.
In Nigeria many men felt their genitals vanished which was an epidemic of mass hysteria.
Exorcism and Witchcraft
Considerable kindness was to the mentally disturbed during the medieval period. "Treatment" consisted of prayer, holy water etc. Exorcism was performed to bring out the devil by the gentle laying of the hands. It was also long been thought that many mentally disturbed people were assumed to be witches and were punished or often killed. In the case of witch craft and mental illness, the confusion may be due to demonic possession.
Stone age cave dwellers practiced the treatment of mental disorders some half a million years ago. During their time when an individual complained of headaches and convulsive attacks were treated by an operation that is now called " trephining". Crude stone instruments were used wherein a part of the skull was chipped away in a certain place in the form of a circle until the skull was cut through. they presumed that the opening,"trephine", would lead the evil spirits away and bring relief to the individual ( Arnot, finger, & smith; selling, 1943).
Demonology, Gods and Magic
Whether the "possession" was assumedd to involve good spirits or evil spirits usually depended on the affected individuals symptoms. most possessions were considered to be thework of an angry or an evil spirit, particularly when a person became overreactive and engaged in behaviour contrary to religious teachings. The primary type of treatment for demonic possessions was exorcism, which inculded various techniues for casting an evil spirit out of an affiliated person. these techniques varied but typically included magic, prayer, incantation, noisemaking, and the use of horrible-tasting concoctions made from sheep's dung and wine.
Hippocrates medical concepts
Hippocrates denied that deities and demons intervened in the illness of individuals.
He classified all medical disorders into three general categories:
1.Mania
2.Melancholia
3.Brain feverhe relied clearly on clinical observation.
Paradigms for explaining personality is the doctrine of the four humors associated with the name of Hippocrates. The four elements of the material world are earth, air, fire and water. The elements were combined to form essential fluids of the body blood, phlegm, bile and black bile. Hippocrates considered dreams to be important in understanding a patients personality. His emphasis on clinical observation was truly revolutionary.
Early Philosophical Conceptions
Plato viewed psychological phenomena as responses of the whole organism, reflecting its natural appetites.he emphasized the inportance of indivdual differences and took into account sociocultural influences in shaping, thinking and behavior. Aristotle, a student of plato, subscribed to the hippocratic theory of disturbances in the bile.
Later Greek and Roman Thought
One of the most influential Greek physicians was Galen, who practiced in Rome. He made a number of original contributions he concerning to the anatomy of the nervous system. Galen also took a scientific approach to the field, dividing the causes of psychological disorders into psychical and mental categories. The romans used pleasant treatments so that their patients would feel comfortable when they were being treated.
Abnormality During Middle Ages
The first mental hospital was estlabished in Baghdad in a.d.792. The oustanding figure in islamic medicine was Avicenna from Arabia called the " prince of physicians" (Campbell, 1926). During the middle ages, scientific inquiry into abnormal behavior was limited and treatment of psychologically disturbed individuals was characterized more often rituals.
Mass Madness
The widespread occurrence of group behavior disorders that were apparently cases of hysteria. Dancing manias were reported as early as the tenth century. Taratism is a disorder that included an uncontrollable impulse to dance that was attributed to the bite of the south European tarantula. this dancing mania later spread to Germany and the rest of Europe, where it was know as Saint Vitu's Dance.
The isolated rural areas were affected with lycanthropy, a condition were they assumed to be possessed and imitated and acted as wolves.the peculiar causes of mass madness was related to depression, fear, and wild mysticism.
In Nigeria many men felt their genitals vanished which was an epidemic of mass hysteria.
Exorcism and Witchcraft
Considerable kindness was to the mentally disturbed during the medieval period. "Treatment" consisted of prayer, holy water etc. Exorcism was performed to bring out the devil by the gentle laying of the hands. It was also long been thought that many mentally disturbed people were assumed to be witches and were punished or often killed. In the case of witch craft and mental illness, the confusion may be due to demonic possession.
No comments:
Post a Comment