sunayana.u.(1114390)

Humanitarian Approaches

In later part of middle ages the early renaissance, scientific questioning reemerged and emphasizing the importance of human interests and concerns began this can be referred to as humanism.Consequently the superstitious beliefs of understanding and therapeutic treatment of mental disorders has been challenged.

The resurgence of scientific questioning in Europe

  A swiz physician named Paracelsus( 1490-1541) was a critic of superstitious beliefs about possession. He insisted that the dancing mania was not a possession, but some form of disease that should be treated.He postulated the conflict between the instinctual and spiritual natures of human beings,he formulated a treatment for mental illness which is called as bodily magnetism, but later named as hypnosis.

The establishment of early asylums and shrines

 16^th century onwards the institution was called as an asylum which means the mental illness. The early asylums begun in the society for removing the individual’s troublesome who do not care for themselves. They were often refereed to as madhouses or unpleasant place or hospitals which was a primarily place or residences.

Cultural variation in early asylums

In the year 1547 at London at St. Marry of Bethlehem was made into Henry VIII. This later was given to Bedlam and became a practice. They were establishing in many other countries. The asylums were established in Mexico in the year 1566 by philanthropist Bernardino Alvares. The first hospital was established in France in1641 in suburb of Paris.

 In mosque in the year 1764 the notorious lunatic’s tower was constructed in 1784. The tower was round and has square rooms. The keepers and the doctors lived in square rooms where as the patients were outside the tower and put to exhibition for the public, in a small fees structure. These modifications of institutions were more like beasts than human being.

In the year1756 under the gudence of Benjamin Franklin provided wards for mental patients. In the hospital Pennsylvania at Philadelphia. Another public hospital in Williamsburg, Virginia in the year 1773 constructed a hospital which was devoted to mental patients. The European institutions were weak in for the treatment of the mental patients.

Thus United States treatments were more aimed at “Physical balance in the body and brain.” The treatment was based on the scientific techniques which included water treatment electric shocks and physical restraints. Some of the example’s are the patient were forced into ice water etc. In the late 1830’s the patient’s head were shaved and were put them on diet completely and were placed in dark wards. There several measures taken such as starvation cold bath and torches.

Humanitarian Reform

In the 18 century most hospitals in Europe and America has gained the need of Reform. The treatment of patients was implemented by the work of Philippe Pinel.

Pinel’s Experiments

After the first face of French revolution in the year 1792 Pinel was placed charged in Paris. He suggested that the experiments to test the mental patients should be more considerate and not treat them as beast’s criminals or sick people. This experiment was s a great success and the mental patients were treated properly in the hospitals. The French archives had some question about this reform in France. Jean-Baptists Pussin indicated that the hospitals which were started in 1784 had removed the mall treatment of the patient. He also gave the credit for this reform.Pinel’s successor, Jean

In the year 1772 to 1840 continued good work at the hospital to establish a new mental hospital. The text book name Mental Maladies originated from the Humanitarian Reform. Which gave the treatment for the mentally disturbed and mixtures of eaupers, criminals and physical sick?

Tukes work in England

At the same time an English Quaker named William Tuke in the year 1732 to 1822 established the York retreatment, where the mental patients lived worked in a religious atmosphere. This gives a change against the ignorance and indifference to time. This work was supported by John Connolly, Samuel Hitch. Hitch introduced a nurse in the year 1841who were trained and were the Head of the Nursing staff. These were not only important for the mental patients but were more effected for the public which changed the attitude towards the mental patients and there the treatment.

Rush and Moral management in America.

The Tukes and Pinels experiments resolved the treatment for the mental patient through out the western world. Benjamin Rush the founder of American Physicists in the year 1745 to 1813 has been one n the singers of these independence. In the year 1783 he was involved with the Pennsylvania hospital which encouraged more treatment for the mental patients. The first physctrit book in America which was named as the medical enquirers and observations upon the diseases of the mind and was also the first organizing the course physctrit. He used the device called “tranquilizing chair” which were more agitated patients and the chair forced the patients head to lean which would relax the force of the blood and muscles. He is considered to be a figure of the old era as well as new era.

The moral management was a range of methods to treat patients as a social individual’s and were focused on there occupational needs. The approach of both Pinel and Tuke was brought in the late 18^th century and early 19^th century in America. The first hospital was renamed after Williams Burg lunatic asylum which would reflect the mental patients innocence and which would provide protection form the society. The treatments were also changed, and also the physical retrains open wards opportunities were high. The activity of the patient in the society was high. The patients from the poor classes were well treated which were both morally and spiritually developed on the character of the physical mental disorder which was very little treatment available at that time. The treatment for the patients of the mental disorder were through manual labor and though humane. They were high degree of efficiency of model management which gave a benefit of antiphrastic drugs. Which are used the patients as a drug whose suffering syphilis. In the year 1833 and 1853, Worcester state hospital patients of mentally were discharged. In the 19^th century the morel management varied in the ethnic questions which was in the rasping population and also led to tension between staff and patients. The hospital facilities misguided the bigger hospitals than the smaller once. There two reasons for the moral management to distort. The rise of mental hygiene movement was a method of treatment which focused more on the physical well being of the hospital than the mental patients. There were lot of improvements by the mental hygiene but the patients did not receive any help for the problems. The bio medical sciences also contributed to the mental hygienic movement. These were based on biological explanations and treatments. The social environment of the patient was considered irrelevant. There is dancer drug thepephys for the patients.

Dix and the mental hygiene movements.

Dorothea Dix in the year 1802 to 1887 was a teacher in New English School who became a champ of the poor and the mental institutions in the 19^th century. She herself was a child of victim and became an important foreseen in human treatment for physcractic patients.  She was affected by the disease tuberculosis and which made her retire from school. In the year 1841 she though the women prison. Between 1841 to 1881 the in human treatment was put into force. The amount of work by her improved the mental hygiene movement which became a success in America and millions of dollars was spent to build hospitals.20 states directly appealed to her request. She established institutions in Canada and improved the Asylum system in Scot land. She has established 32 mental hospital had has also rounded her camera as a nursing foe in the north arum during the civil war. The US congress in the year 1901 has characterized her as “the noblest examples of humanity in all history” The establishment of hospital for the mental has increased the number of people which is too over crowded. That housing patients of institutions should be way from the society which would affect the treatment as a moral therapy for mental disorder.