Arshiya kauser
1114356.
HISTORICAL VIEWS OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR.
Stone Age cave dwellers were the first people to start the earliest treatment of mental disorder which was practised by them some half a million years ago.Some of the people who started searching treatments for mental disorder were Shaman, he is known as medicine man. He treated the disorder by means of operation now called as " Trephining". This operation was performed with crude stone instruments . And this consisted of chipping away one area of the skull in the form of a circle until the skull was cut through. This was called 'trephine'. This was thought that evil spirits that was thought to be causing all the trouble to escape and incidentally have relieved a certain amount of pressure on the brain. In some of the cases it was found that trephined skulls of primitive people show healing around the opening and lived for many years.
Human life existed 3millions years ago or more but the written records were from some around thousand years ago. Due to this our knowledge about ancestors is very limited. As there was no treatments for disorders but there were two Egyptian papyri during 16th century B.C provides us some clue to the earliest treatments of disease and behaviour disorders. A person who provided first detailed descriptions of the treatment of wounds and other surgical operations was The Edwin Smith papyrus. During his time the brain was first described in history and it clearly showed that brain was recognised as the site of mental functions.
Further papyrus offered another perspective on treatment . It covers the internal medicine and the circulatory system but it more relies on incantations and magic for explaining and curing disease that had unknown causes. Here surgical techniques ere used but still they coupled it with their prayers and like that it reflected the prevailing view of the origin of behaviour disorder.
DEMONOLOGY, GODS AND MAGIC.
Abnormal behaviour in early writing's showed that the Chinese, Egyptian, Hebrews, and Greeks often attributed this kind of behaviour to demon or god who had taken possession of a person. Whether it was a good spirit or bad one but it had affected the individual. Individual who spoke about or appeared to have a religious or mysterious significant had usually possessed god. Those people were often treated with respect thinking that they had supernatural power. Most of the people who got possession were considered that it was the work of an angry god or evil etc. This was the false notion about people. The primary treatment for the demonic possession was to take away the evil spirit from the effected person. The techniques varied to the type of possession they had. Some of them were praying, incarnation, chatting prayers,giving sheep's dung and wine.
HIPPO CRATES EARLY MEDICAL CONCEPTS.
Greek Hippo crates was known as the Father of Medicine and he made a substantial contributions to the field of sciences. He said that there are no demons and deities who intervened in the illness and mental disorder of the person but instead it was also a kind of disease. He classified the mental disorders in three types they are Mania, Melancholia and phrenitis.
During this period there was a considerable understanding about the treatments to be given to the people who had mental disorder. Were people thought the earth was made of air,heat,water and fire which attributed to heat.cold,moistness and dryness. This all elements were then later combined to the human bodies that was blood, phlegm,bile and black bile. These fluids were combined with different people with different positions and the person temperament was determined by his or her humour with that of the dominant.
During this time Hippo crates thought that through dreams we can understand a patient's personality. The treatments were exorcist practices than a prevalent one. He also told about the environment which effects ones individual so he made those people to get out from their families. He focused on the natural causes of the disease on clinical observation and on brain pathology.
The one of the famous Greek philosopher was Plato who did a study on the mentally disturbed people who committed criminal acts and studied how to deal with those people. He said that these people shouldn't get punishments which normal individual gets rather they can get punishment by paying for the damage one. Because some may commit act because of their anger or they might have some kind of mental disease. He also told that the mental cases shouldn't be ignored by the society rather it should be cared. He told that not only the intellectual thinking but also the socio-cultural perspective is responsible to the way individual thinks and its behaviour.
According to Plato the treatments can include hospital care been provided to the individual and also for engaging them in periodical conversation with the psychotherapy.
The works of Hippo crates were later taken by the Greek and Roman physicians. The physicians at this time used many treatments for the mental disorder such as gymnastic,education, dieting, massaging ,hydrotherapy etc.
Where as the Roman physicians wanted to make their patience calm so they used techniques like hot bath , massaging and they also made their patience drink chilled wine when they are in hot water tub.
Abnormality During The Middles Ages.
During the middle age period there was only Greek medicine which survived in the Islamic countries. And the first hospital for the mentally disturbed people was established at Baghdad in 729 A.D. There was a very good figure if Islamic medicine was Avicenna from Arabia and hence this was called as the prince of physicians. During the middle age in Europe the scientific treatments were very limited for the disturbed people so mostly the treatments which were given to the individuals were often characterised by the ritual or superstitions than to understand the individuals condition. At this time the medical institutions,social structure and beliefs started changing drastically. The power of super natural and superstitions started gaining popularity. They believed that SIN was not only a casual factor which caused the illness but there are the other factors too.
To look better at the history they looked into the two events of that time that occurred in middle age. They are Mass Madness and Exorcism this two events will let us know how they are related to abnormal behaviour.
During the last half of the middle age in Europe this trend was emerged to understand the abnormal behaviour among the individual. This refers to a widespread occurrence of a group behaviour disorders that were apparently the cases of hysteria. This group of people were affected simultaneously. Like for example dancing mania . Once upon a time there was a period were one such episode occurred in Italy early in thirteen century was known as "Tarantism". This referred to a disorder that included uncontrollable impulse to dance which was often attributed to the bite of the Southern European Tarantula.
Like that even Isolated rural areas were affected by the outbreaks of lycanthropy - this a condition in which people believed themselves to be possessed by wolves and imitated their behaviour. And the person who is been affected by this disorder had to be amputated which led to the death of that person.
Mass madness was started during the 17th century but it was been peaked during the 14th and 15th century. And this was a period of social oppression, famine and epidemic disease. At this time Europe was ravaged by the plague knows as Black Death which took away billions of life of people and also disrupted severely the social organisations. Many of the peculiar cases of mass madness were related to fear,depression and wild mysticism of the events that occurred during that period of time.
Exorcism are referred to as symbolic acts that are performed to drive out the devils from the person believed to be possessed.
During the middle age the management of mentally disturbed people was largely left to the clergy. They took all the care of those people. And also monasteries served as refuges and places for confinement. During this age the mentally disturbed people were treated with more kindness. The treatments that were given are the holy water, prayers, sanctified ointments,breath of the priests,visits of the holy places and mild forms of exorcism.
And when the person possessed the evil spirit in his body then it was been removed by sprinkling of holy water by the priest so that the evil spirits leaves the individual and goes.
It had been longed middle age thought that people who are mentally disturbed were know as Witches and people used to accuse them as witches and thus these people were punished and were killed. There was one man by name Robert Burton he s enlightened scholar who considered that demonic possession is potential cause of a disorder and therefore classified as those were two types of demoniacally possessed people they are : Those who were physically possessed were considered as mad and the other was those who were spiritually possessed were the witches. These two categories were blurred in the eyes of the historians which resulted that witches and illness were connected more frequently in the medieval minds than in cases. The changing relation between witches and mental illness points out to the broader level of the issue which leads to the difficulties in interpreting the historical events accurately.
1114356.
Definition:
Abnormal psychology is the branch of psychology that studies unusual patterns of behaviour , emotion and thought, which may not be understood as precipitating a mental disorder.HISTORICAL VIEWS OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR.
Stone Age cave dwellers were the first people to start the earliest treatment of mental disorder which was practised by them some half a million years ago.Some of the people who started searching treatments for mental disorder were Shaman, he is known as medicine man. He treated the disorder by means of operation now called as " Trephining". This operation was performed with crude stone instruments . And this consisted of chipping away one area of the skull in the form of a circle until the skull was cut through. This was called 'trephine'. This was thought that evil spirits that was thought to be causing all the trouble to escape and incidentally have relieved a certain amount of pressure on the brain. In some of the cases it was found that trephined skulls of primitive people show healing around the opening and lived for many years.
Human life existed 3millions years ago or more but the written records were from some around thousand years ago. Due to this our knowledge about ancestors is very limited. As there was no treatments for disorders but there were two Egyptian papyri during 16th century B.C provides us some clue to the earliest treatments of disease and behaviour disorders. A person who provided first detailed descriptions of the treatment of wounds and other surgical operations was The Edwin Smith papyrus. During his time the brain was first described in history and it clearly showed that brain was recognised as the site of mental functions.
Further papyrus offered another perspective on treatment . It covers the internal medicine and the circulatory system but it more relies on incantations and magic for explaining and curing disease that had unknown causes. Here surgical techniques ere used but still they coupled it with their prayers and like that it reflected the prevailing view of the origin of behaviour disorder.
DEMONOLOGY, GODS AND MAGIC.
Abnormal behaviour in early writing's showed that the Chinese, Egyptian, Hebrews, and Greeks often attributed this kind of behaviour to demon or god who had taken possession of a person. Whether it was a good spirit or bad one but it had affected the individual. Individual who spoke about or appeared to have a religious or mysterious significant had usually possessed god. Those people were often treated with respect thinking that they had supernatural power. Most of the people who got possession were considered that it was the work of an angry god or evil etc. This was the false notion about people. The primary treatment for the demonic possession was to take away the evil spirit from the effected person. The techniques varied to the type of possession they had. Some of them were praying, incarnation, chatting prayers,giving sheep's dung and wine.
HIPPO CRATES EARLY MEDICAL CONCEPTS.
Greek Hippo crates was known as the Father of Medicine and he made a substantial contributions to the field of sciences. He said that there are no demons and deities who intervened in the illness and mental disorder of the person but instead it was also a kind of disease. He classified the mental disorders in three types they are Mania, Melancholia and phrenitis.
During this period there was a considerable understanding about the treatments to be given to the people who had mental disorder. Were people thought the earth was made of air,heat,water and fire which attributed to heat.cold,moistness and dryness. This all elements were then later combined to the human bodies that was blood, phlegm,bile and black bile. These fluids were combined with different people with different positions and the person temperament was determined by his or her humour with that of the dominant.
During this time Hippo crates thought that through dreams we can understand a patient's personality. The treatments were exorcist practices than a prevalent one. He also told about the environment which effects ones individual so he made those people to get out from their families. He focused on the natural causes of the disease on clinical observation and on brain pathology.
Early Physiological Conceptions of Consciousness and Mental Discovery.
The one of the famous Greek philosopher was Plato who did a study on the mentally disturbed people who committed criminal acts and studied how to deal with those people. He said that these people shouldn't get punishments which normal individual gets rather they can get punishment by paying for the damage one. Because some may commit act because of their anger or they might have some kind of mental disease. He also told that the mental cases shouldn't be ignored by the society rather it should be cared. He told that not only the intellectual thinking but also the socio-cultural perspective is responsible to the way individual thinks and its behaviour.
According to Plato the treatments can include hospital care been provided to the individual and also for engaging them in periodical conversation with the psychotherapy.
LATER GREEK AND ROMAN THOUGHT.
The works of Hippo crates were later taken by the Greek and Roman physicians. The physicians at this time used many treatments for the mental disorder such as gymnastic,education, dieting, massaging ,hydrotherapy etc.
Where as the Roman physicians wanted to make their patience calm so they used techniques like hot bath , massaging and they also made their patience drink chilled wine when they are in hot water tub.
Abnormality During The Middles Ages.
During the middle age period there was only Greek medicine which survived in the Islamic countries. And the first hospital for the mentally disturbed people was established at Baghdad in 729 A.D. There was a very good figure if Islamic medicine was Avicenna from Arabia and hence this was called as the prince of physicians. During the middle age in Europe the scientific treatments were very limited for the disturbed people so mostly the treatments which were given to the individuals were often characterised by the ritual or superstitions than to understand the individuals condition. At this time the medical institutions,social structure and beliefs started changing drastically. The power of super natural and superstitions started gaining popularity. They believed that SIN was not only a casual factor which caused the illness but there are the other factors too.
To look better at the history they looked into the two events of that time that occurred in middle age. They are Mass Madness and Exorcism this two events will let us know how they are related to abnormal behaviour.
1. MASS MADNESS
During the last half of the middle age in Europe this trend was emerged to understand the abnormal behaviour among the individual. This refers to a widespread occurrence of a group behaviour disorders that were apparently the cases of hysteria. This group of people were affected simultaneously. Like for example dancing mania . Once upon a time there was a period were one such episode occurred in Italy early in thirteen century was known as "Tarantism". This referred to a disorder that included uncontrollable impulse to dance which was often attributed to the bite of the Southern European Tarantula.
Like that even Isolated rural areas were affected by the outbreaks of lycanthropy - this a condition in which people believed themselves to be possessed by wolves and imitated their behaviour. And the person who is been affected by this disorder had to be amputated which led to the death of that person.
Mass madness was started during the 17th century but it was been peaked during the 14th and 15th century. And this was a period of social oppression, famine and epidemic disease. At this time Europe was ravaged by the plague knows as Black Death which took away billions of life of people and also disrupted severely the social organisations. Many of the peculiar cases of mass madness were related to fear,depression and wild mysticism of the events that occurred during that period of time.
2.EXORCISM AND WITCHCRAFT
Exorcism are referred to as symbolic acts that are performed to drive out the devils from the person believed to be possessed.
During the middle age the management of mentally disturbed people was largely left to the clergy. They took all the care of those people. And also monasteries served as refuges and places for confinement. During this age the mentally disturbed people were treated with more kindness. The treatments that were given are the holy water, prayers, sanctified ointments,breath of the priests,visits of the holy places and mild forms of exorcism.
And when the person possessed the evil spirit in his body then it was been removed by sprinkling of holy water by the priest so that the evil spirits leaves the individual and goes.
It had been longed middle age thought that people who are mentally disturbed were know as Witches and people used to accuse them as witches and thus these people were punished and were killed. There was one man by name Robert Burton he s enlightened scholar who considered that demonic possession is potential cause of a disorder and therefore classified as those were two types of demoniacally possessed people they are : Those who were physically possessed were considered as mad and the other was those who were spiritually possessed were the witches. These two categories were blurred in the eyes of the historians which resulted that witches and illness were connected more frequently in the medieval minds than in cases. The changing relation between witches and mental illness points out to the broader level of the issue which leads to the difficulties in interpreting the historical events accurately.
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