TOWARDS HUMANITARIAN APPROACH:
Humanism was started in the latter part of the middle ages and early renaissance.It gives importance to human interests.earlier superstitious beliefs influenced the mental disorders, but after humanistic approach began,human interest was given importance
THE SCIENTIFIC QUESTIONING IN EUROPE:
Paracelsus,a Swiss physician critiqued the superstitious beliefs about possession. He considered the dancing mania to be a form of disease that should be treated.He formulated the idea of psychic causes for mental illness. He also developed the concept called hypnosis.He rejected demonology and in his view abnormal behavior was based on astral influences. He believed that the moon exerted a supernatural influence over the brain
JOHANN WEYER:
JOHANN WEYER was a German physician who made a careful study of the people imprisoned and burnt as they were accused of witchcraft. He believed that the accused were sick in mind and mental disorders.He was the founder of modern psychopathology.But despite his contributions he was mocked with names such as "Weirus Insanus" and his works were banned by the church
The establishment of early asylums: special institutions called asylums or sanctuaries were solely meant for the care of mentally ill patients grew in number during the 16th century with the motive of removing troublesome individuals fro the society.Most early asylums were often referred to as "Mad Houses" and were storage places for the insane.The inmates had to survive amidst cruel conditions and were made to beg in public and even forced to seek charity.These early asylums were modifications of penal institutions and the inmates were treated more like beasts than like human beings.
The asylums were later termed as hospitals but the treatment techniques in these hospitals were aggressive and aimed at terrifying the patients.They included powerful drugs ,electric shocks etc., for eg. a violent patient was plunged into ice water or hot water based on the illness.
HUMANITARIAN REFORM:
Works of Philippe Pinel. He conducted an experiment to state that people in mental asylums must be treated as humans and not beasts. To prove his experiment he removed the chains of the inmates of the mental asylums and provided them with sunny rooms and facilities to exercise on the hospital grounds and also the patients were treated in a friendly manner and the results were amazing.The previous noise,filth and abuse were replaced by peace and order. Thus his experiment showed favorable results.
RUSH AND MORAL MANAGEMENT:
Benjamin Rush ,the founder of American psychiatry encouraged more humane treatment of the mentally ill and he was the first American to organize a course in psychiatry.He invented a device called "Tranquillizing Chair". He used the theory of moral management that focused on a persons social, individual and occupational needs.Moral management also emphasized on the patients moral and spiritual development and it has achieved a high degree of effectiveness because it does not use the anti-psychotic drugs that is used today.Despite its effectiveness,moral management was abandoned by the latter part of the 19th century due to two main reasons.
One was the rise of mental hygiene movement that focused on the patient's physical well-being.although the patients comfort levels improved under the mental hygienists, the patients received no help for their mental problems.
Second was the advances in biomedical science that fostered the notion that all mental disorders have biological explanations and biologically based treatments that neglect the psychological and social environment of a patient.
DIX AND THE MENTAL HYGIENE MOVEMENT:
She was a tireless reformer who made a great effort in changing public attitudes towards the mentally ill and was also responsible for flourishing the mental hygiene movement in America,she has reformed the asylum system in Scotland and several other countries.
Humanism was started in the latter part of the middle ages and early renaissance.It gives importance to human interests.earlier superstitious beliefs influenced the mental disorders, but after humanistic approach began,human interest was given importance
THE SCIENTIFIC QUESTIONING IN EUROPE:
Paracelsus,a Swiss physician critiqued the superstitious beliefs about possession. He considered the dancing mania to be a form of disease that should be treated.He formulated the idea of psychic causes for mental illness. He also developed the concept called hypnosis.He rejected demonology and in his view abnormal behavior was based on astral influences. He believed that the moon exerted a supernatural influence over the brain
JOHANN WEYER:
JOHANN WEYER was a German physician who made a careful study of the people imprisoned and burnt as they were accused of witchcraft. He believed that the accused were sick in mind and mental disorders.He was the founder of modern psychopathology.But despite his contributions he was mocked with names such as "Weirus Insanus" and his works were banned by the church
The establishment of early asylums: special institutions called asylums or sanctuaries were solely meant for the care of mentally ill patients grew in number during the 16th century with the motive of removing troublesome individuals fro the society.Most early asylums were often referred to as "Mad Houses" and were storage places for the insane.The inmates had to survive amidst cruel conditions and were made to beg in public and even forced to seek charity.These early asylums were modifications of penal institutions and the inmates were treated more like beasts than like human beings.
The asylums were later termed as hospitals but the treatment techniques in these hospitals were aggressive and aimed at terrifying the patients.They included powerful drugs ,electric shocks etc., for eg. a violent patient was plunged into ice water or hot water based on the illness.
HUMANITARIAN REFORM:
Works of Philippe Pinel. He conducted an experiment to state that people in mental asylums must be treated as humans and not beasts. To prove his experiment he removed the chains of the inmates of the mental asylums and provided them with sunny rooms and facilities to exercise on the hospital grounds and also the patients were treated in a friendly manner and the results were amazing.The previous noise,filth and abuse were replaced by peace and order. Thus his experiment showed favorable results.
RUSH AND MORAL MANAGEMENT:
Benjamin Rush ,the founder of American psychiatry encouraged more humane treatment of the mentally ill and he was the first American to organize a course in psychiatry.He invented a device called "Tranquillizing Chair". He used the theory of moral management that focused on a persons social, individual and occupational needs.Moral management also emphasized on the patients moral and spiritual development and it has achieved a high degree of effectiveness because it does not use the anti-psychotic drugs that is used today.Despite its effectiveness,moral management was abandoned by the latter part of the 19th century due to two main reasons.
One was the rise of mental hygiene movement that focused on the patient's physical well-being.although the patients comfort levels improved under the mental hygienists, the patients received no help for their mental problems.
Second was the advances in biomedical science that fostered the notion that all mental disorders have biological explanations and biologically based treatments that neglect the psychological and social environment of a patient.
DIX AND THE MENTAL HYGIENE MOVEMENT:
She was a tireless reformer who made a great effort in changing public attitudes towards the mentally ill and was also responsible for flourishing the mental hygiene movement in America,she has reformed the asylum system in Scotland and several other countries.
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